Among the great ironies observed in German rules and regulations is the driving policy, especially rules around driving licence requirements for foreign nationals.

Whereas a tourist with presumably no understanding of German language – let alone traffic regulations – can rent a car and roll around the entirety of the Bundesrepublik, those who have committed themselves to staying her for longer than six months must make considerable efforts to obtain a German driver’s licence.

There is one exception here for US citizens planning to reside in Germany for less than a year. According to the US Embassy, you may legally drive on a US licence for 364 days if you notify your local driver’s registration office (Führerscheinstelle) and can prove your pre-determined departure date, e.g. with a return ticket to the US or a short-term work contract, etc.

But for everyone who wants to keep driving and plans to stay longer than a year there’s no way around the German licence requirement.

However, how much effort and cost obtaining a German licence will require is largely dependent on which state you have a driver’s licence from, and whether or not that state has a driver’s licence reciprocity agreement.

Driver’s licence reciprocity basically means that two countries agree to recognise licenses granted in the other country. If you come from a nation or state with a reciprocity agreement, you’ll still need to collect a German licence, but you can skip the written and/or road tests that would be required of those who don’t yet have a recognised licence.

For those coming from a third country beside the US (or Canada), see this explainer.

Which US states have full reciprocity?

Germany has full driver’s licence reciprocity with 27 US states and Puerto Rico.

A few of the more populous states included here are Texas, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Ohio. (Full list at the bottom of this article.)

It’s worth noting that all of Canada’s provinces also have full driver’s licence reciprocity agreements with Germany. 

If you hold a valid driver’s licence from one of these US states, you are automatically eligible for a German driver’s licence without needing to sign up for German driving school (Fahrschule) or having to take any additional tests.

To collect your German driver’s licence (Führerschein) you’ll need to visit your closest Führerscheinstelle, likely found within your local city administration building (Stadtverwaltung).

Of course you’ll also need to collect and provide a number of documents. According to the US Embassy, these will typically include:

• the original licence together with a German translation
• an official identification document such as a passport
• a residency registration certificate (Anmeldung)
• a statement by the applicant that the licence is still valid
• a recent photograph (35mm x 45 mm)
• and often, documentation of a recent eye test

Which US states have partial reciprocity?

Germany has partial driver’s licence reciprocity with 10 states and the federal district of Washington D.C.

Among these states are Florida, North Carolina and Oregon, for example.

If you hold a current licence from one of these states, you can skip the road test in Germany, but you’ll still need to pass the written test.

This is a significant boon (compared to those with no reciprocity) because it allows you to skip the need to enrol in driving school or pay for a driving test.

In this case, you should still start with a trip to the Führerscheinstelle to submit an application for a German licence along with your documents and register for the written test.

According to the US Embassy, the test costs €40 and can be taken in English.

Note that the German written test is known to be more difficult than the typical US test, and it includes a separate test of German licence-related vocabulary. So to save yourself some effort and money, it’s worth spending a bit of time studying the relevant German vocabulary and traffic law.

READ ALSO: EXPLAINED – The changes to Germany’s driving licence theory test

You can find helpful practice resources online including practice tests like this one.

Which US states don’t have driver’s licence reciprocity?

Unfortunately, for US citizens coming from 13 states there is currently no driver’s licence exchange agreement in place.

Those states include Alaska, California, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

If your driver’s licence was issued in any of those states it amounts to nothing in Germany, once you’ve lived in the country for more than six months.

To continue driving in Deutschland, you’ll need to apply for a licence and pass both the written and road tests as if you were a brand new driver.

In this case, you may want to contact your local driving school for information on the necessary paperwork and to register for testing. 

According to the US Embassy, you aren’t required to take theoretical or behind-the-wheel lessons, but many driving schools will recommend that you take at least one or two lessons to give yourself a better chance of passing the test.

It may also be helpful to become acquainted with, or refreshed on, the specific skills that are tested in Germany (as well as getting used to driving with a stick shift if you haven’t already, which is more popular in Europe than the US).

As of 2021 the US Embassy estimated the total costs for a driver’s licence (without any driving lessons) to be around €425.

Finally, it’s worth noting that Germany has made an effort to prevent US citizens from applying for a new driver’s licence from a neighbouring state with reciprocity: to be eligible for reciprocity you need to have held your current licence for a period that ranges from 185 days to two years.

For more information, see the US Embassy’s webpage on driving in Germany.

READ ALSO: EU countries to extend range of offences foreign drivers can be fined for

States with full reciprocity:

• Alabama
• Arizona
• Arkansas
• Colorado
• Delaware
• Idaho
• Illinois
• Iowa
• Kansas
• Kentucky
• Louisiana
• Massachusetts
• Maryland
• Michigan
• New Mexico
• Ohio
• Oklahoma
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• South Dakota
• Texas
• Utah
• Virginia
• West Virginia
• Washington State
• Wisconsin
• Wyoming
• Puerto Rico
• All Canadian provinces

States with partial reciprocity:

• Connecticut
• Indiana
• Florida
• Minnesota
• Mississippi
• Missouri
• Nebraska
• North Carolina
• Oregon
• Tennessee
• District of Columbia

States with no reciprocity:

• Alaska,
• California
• Georgia
• Hawaii
• Maine
• Montana
• Nevada
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• North Dakota
• Rhode Island
• Vermont