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CLIMATE CRISIS

MAP: The parts of Italy most at risk from floods and extreme weather

After flooding devastated parts of central Italy on Friday, data has revealed the areas most at risk as such 'extreme weather events' become more frequent.

MAP: The parts of Italy most at risk from floods and extreme weather
Flooded fields following storms in Pianello di Ostra, Ancona, on September 16, 2022. Floods and other extreme weather events are happening more frequently in Italy, data shows. Photo by Alberto PIZZOLI / AFP

After severe storms and flash floods in the central Marche region last week left 11 dead, with two still missing, environmental organisation Legambiente said climate interventions “can no longer be put off”.

“The climate crisis is no joke,” the group said in a press release published on Saturday. “The flooding that hit Le Marche is yet another alarm bell that the planet is sending us.”

IN PHOTOS: Devastation after deadly flash floods hit central Italy

Italy was hit by a total 64 floods between January and September 2022, according to the latest data from Legambiente’s Città Clima (‘Climate City’) Observatory, with some areas worse affected than others.

As the majority of Italy’s floods occur in the autumn and winter, it’s feared that the total figure for 2022 will be higher than for 2021.

Disasters like the one that hit Marche are difficult to predict, but data from the most recent Città Clima Observatory’s report, published in November of last year, shows which parts of the peninsula have suffered the greatest number of extreme weather events since 2010, giving an idea of the areas most at risk.

Data showed these were mainly large cities such as Rome, Bari, Milan, Genoa and Palermo, and coastal areas, particularly the coasts of Romagna, northern Marche, and eastern Sicily.

The parts of Italy that have experienced the most extreme weather events since 2010. Source: Città Clima

Sicily has been the worst-hit region in recent months, battered by eight floods so far this year and 14 in 2021, the Città Clima interactive map shows. Palermo, Catania and Syracuse have each experienced multiple floods in the past couple of years.

Lazio has also been hard hit, experiencing six flooding events so far in 2022 and ten in 2021, the majority of which occurred in Rome.

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Capital city Rome experienced by far the highest number of extreme weather events: 56 in total, of which 13 involved such heavy rainfall it caused damage to infrastructure and 21 necessitated a partial closure of metro lines.

Bari, the capital of Puglia, was the next worst hit, with a total of 41 events, 20 of which were floods and 18 of which took the form of tornados or whirlwinds that caused damage to the city.

Milan experienced 30 events, of which 20 were a result of river flooding.

The metropolitan area of Naples experienced 31 events, 18 of which occurred in Naples itself, while Genoa was hit by 21 events variously consisting of flooding, torrential rainfall and whirlwinds, and Palermo experienced 15.

A total of 132 extreme weather events were recorded in Italy between January and July 2022 – more than the annual average for the last decade, Legambiente reported in its press release.

A flooded field in Sassoferrato, Ancona province, after severe storms on Friday. Photo by Alberto PIZZOLI / AFP

There have been a total of 510 floods in Italy from 2010 to September 2022, 88 of which happened in 2021, according to the organisation’s statistics.

The association urged the government to take urgent action, arguing that Italy is currently the only major European country that lacks climate adaptation plan, which it says has been on hold since 2018.

“There is no more time to waste,” said Legambiente president Stefano Ciafani.

“If the plan is not approved in a very short timeframe, we risk seeing disastrous social, environmental and economic impacts over the next few years.”

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FLOODS

Which parts of Italy are most at risk of flash floods?

Several parts of Italy have been hit by severe flooding in recent years. But why are floods so frequent in the country and which areas are more exposed to them?

Which parts of Italy are most at risk of flash floods?

In mid-September 2024 large parts of Italy’s northeastern Emilia Romagna region were once again hit by floods which forced the evacuation of over 1,000 residents, as well as the temporary suspension of school classes and rail services in the worst-affected areas. 

But this incident was only the latest in a long series of devastating flash floods that have hit Italy in recent years. 

The Emilia Romagna region was struck by two deadly flooding events in the space of two weeks in May 2023.

Around six months later, in early November 2023, eight people were killed and hundreds evacuated after torrential rain caused rivers in the central Tuscany region to burst their banks, leading to severe flooding.

Why are floods so frequent in Italy? 

According to the latest available data from environmental organisation Legambiente, Italy saw some 510 flooding events from January 2010 to September 2022, 88 of which happened in 2021.

Experts say Italy’s vulnerability to flooding events lies partly in its morphological features as there is often relatively little space available for flood waters to spread out across the territory due to it being limited by mountain ranges (or hills) on one side and the sea on the other.

This means that flood waters are likely to accumulate in relatively small areas, with water levels continuing to rise as a consequence.  

READ ALSO: What you should do when there’s a flood warning in Italy

But the country’s natural susceptibility to flooding events is often exacerbated by human activities, including high levels of urbanisation and land consumption, which reduces the ground’s ‘permeability’ – that is to say its capacity to absorb excess water.

Finally, extreme weather events, including prolonged bouts of torrential rain, have become more frequent and intense in Italy in recent years due to climate change. Italy recorded 378 such events in 2023, up by 22 percent against 2022.

Which parts of Italy are most at risk of flooding?

According to Italy’s Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (Ispra), 14 percent (around 42,000 square kilometres) of the country is at low risk of flooding, 10 percent is at medium risk, and 5.4 percent is at high risk.

The remaining areas are labelled ‘no risk’, meaning that flooding events are highly unlikely. 

But national figures don’t allow for an overview of where at-risk areas are located around the peninsula, which is why it’s worth analysing regional data. 

According to Ispra, Emilia Romagna, in the northeast of the country (see map below), is the Italian region with the highest percentage of at-risk land, with 47.3 percent (this includes high-, medium- and low-risk areas). 

Ispra experts say this is partly due to the presence of small watercourses that run along “narrow riverbeds” and through “morphologically depressed areas” (or lowlands).

Emilia Romagna is followed by Veneto (32.2 percent), Friuli Venezia Giulia (21.5), Tuscany (21.2) and Lombardy (20,3).

When it comes to high-risk areas alone however, the southern Calabria region ranks first as 17.1 percent of its territory is considered to be at alto rischio.

Calabria is followed by Emilia Romagna (11.6 percent), Veneto (10), Friuli Venezia Giulia (9.6) and Lombardy (7.9). 

A general view of a flooded street in Conselice, near Ravenna, in May 2023

A general view of a flooded street in Conselice, near Ravenna, in May 2023. Photo by Andreas SOLARO / AFP

Finally, when looking at provincial data, Ferrara (Emilia Romagna) and Rovigo (Veneto) are Italy’s most flood-prone provinces as at-risk areas (including high-, medium- and low-risk areas) cover 99.9 and 99.1 percent of their territories respectively. 

Ferrara and Rovigo are two of a total of seven provinces in Italy where the percentage of at-risk land exceeds 50 percent of the provincial territory. 

The others are Ravenna, Venezia, Mantua, Reggio Emilia and Bologna.

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